Abstract  

Nanotechnology is an advanced technology received a lot of attention for its ability to make use of the unique properties of nanosized materials. Nanotechnology is new techniques which has been understanding as a technology of design, fabrication and applications of nanostructures and  nanomaterials. Nanotechnology is a major advance capable of bringing extraordinary change to various industrial technologies, and thus the establishment of nanotechnology is vital. And its  includes fundamental understanding of physical properties and phenomena of nanomaterials and nanostructures. Knowledge gained from nanotechnology should be systematized to establish a technological base that can contribute to sustainable development of Yemen’s economy. The important  techniques of nanotechnology are characterized  by  X-ray  diffractometer (XRD). scanning  electron  microscopy (SEM),  transmission  electron  microscopy  (TEM)  and  high  resolution  TEM. So, this paper presents the  basic theory for X-ray  diffraction and electron microscopy, focusing on the three basic types of  XRD, SEM and TEM.